Against Obivious, Early Freeport Exploited Papua
Sabtu, 05 Desember 2015 - 16:17 WIB
Against Obivious, Early Freeport Exploited Papua
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PAPUA - Not many of today's generation knows how rich mineral origin Freeport mine in Papua can be controlled and managed by the United States (US). Perhaps, this artikel written by Triyana Bonnie and MF Mukthi can add your insights related to the management of the Freeport which has become a hot disscusion and elite 'seizure' in this country.
Starting from the research team geological information in the Dutch period, Freeport trace the treasure in the earth Papua. Rejected Sukarno, Soeharto received.
In 1959 Jean Jacques Dozy, a geologist Colijn Expedition members who never make the climb to the summit of Carstensz in 1936, the arrival of a guest. The guests had asked him about the state of Papua have ever visited. "Say you've visited New Guinea (Papua name when it is red.) And found the ore body (ore body) is. How much? "He asked Dozy, as quoted from the book by George A. Mealey Grasberg.
Question guests make Dozy shocked. "Shocked seemed like he was mugged a gun right in the chest," he said. How could I not, after 23 years, there is a new question to ask people to Dozy. "All right," said Dozi continued, "This resembles a cliff wall, the height of approximately 75 meters and so is its length."
"Oh..oh," said the guest. According to Dozy, after the meeting, the guest was immediately flew to Papua, to prove whether waffle Dozy lying or dishonest. And when he returned, he met again Dozy and said, "(It turns out) was greater than ever you say."
Dozy guest is referred to Forbes. K Wilson, who worked as exploration manager sulfur in Freeport. Later, years later Forbes so officials in Freeport. Before meeting Dozy, Forbes has been first to find information about Colijn Expedition. In his diary, Dozy sketched odd black mound that stood poking at an altitude of 3500 meters, in the interior of Papua. Under skesta it, Dozy affix the words "Hertzberg" which means "ore mountain". From there Forbes sniffing the earth's riches Papua.
Before the information was discovered by Forbes, Dozy report only kept in the library of Leiden. After proving the findings Dozy, Freeport can not just carry out exploitation activities in Irian Jaya (Papua name at the time). Especially because the Sukarno government policies cover the possible entry of foreign capital into Indonesia.
New opportunities arise when there G30S 1965, which led to the downfall of Sukarno. Two months after the military coup Freeport CEO Langbourne Williams called Forbes. He gets good news from two executives Hertzberg Texaco that negotiations will start soon. Soeharto government, although not yet official, they consider much more friendly to Americans than Sukarno.
Williams believes, negoisasinya going smoothly because one Texaco executives, Julius Tahija, had a strong connection with Suharto, who has a strong chance to rise to power. Julius Tahija are former soldiers near Sukarno but turned into opponents.
Indeed, in April 1965 Freeport has been given the green light to mine in Hertzberg. But the negotiations not finished because the Sukarno government did not want to just Indonesia's natural resources are managed by foreign business groups. When the political changes already indicate the end of Sukarno's rule, first received loans worth 60 million dollars of US funding agencies, power, step Freeport mengesploitasi growing steadily for natural resources in Papua.
On April 1967, three months after the enactment of the Foreign Investment Law (Law PMA) No 1/1967, Freeport Sulphur Incorporated signed a work contract to explore and add to reserves of gold and copper mine in Irian Jaya. Signatories, "Freeport Sulphur makes first foreign company to sign a contract with the new government and the only company that signed a contract under the conditions that such extraordinary," wrote Denise Leith in The Politics of Power: Freeport in Suharto's Indonesia.
Signer was somewhat unique and bold. In addition to the chairman of the presidium of the signatories conducted Ampera General's cabinet, not by the president, concession (West Irian), are still in dispute.
According to the terms of the contract, Freeport obtain tax-free period for three years and a tax concession of 35 for the next seven years, and the liberation of all kinds of taxes or royalties in addition to the five percent sales tax.
"But as soon as the contracts 'first generation' is signed, the government is aware that the contract needs to be revised in order to provide economic benefits to Indonesia," said Mohammad Umar, who was minister of mines, in the book Actor Tells the editor Thee Kian Wie.
Sadli later became a member of the economic advisory team of President Soeharto. "Therefore, the contracts 'second generation' made more restrictive and less favorable foreign investors, including Kanad company, Inco, which mines nickel in Soroako, South Sulawesi."
Act PMA, a product of the new law created a national leadership in the transition period, became one of the Suharto government to attract foreign capital for the sake of restoring the national economy. And Freeport, one of the first international corporations ketiban sustenance from Sukarno to Suharto's power transition.
Starting from the research team geological information in the Dutch period, Freeport trace the treasure in the earth Papua. Rejected Sukarno, Soeharto received.
In 1959 Jean Jacques Dozy, a geologist Colijn Expedition members who never make the climb to the summit of Carstensz in 1936, the arrival of a guest. The guests had asked him about the state of Papua have ever visited. "Say you've visited New Guinea (Papua name when it is red.) And found the ore body (ore body) is. How much? "He asked Dozy, as quoted from the book by George A. Mealey Grasberg.
Question guests make Dozy shocked. "Shocked seemed like he was mugged a gun right in the chest," he said. How could I not, after 23 years, there is a new question to ask people to Dozy. "All right," said Dozi continued, "This resembles a cliff wall, the height of approximately 75 meters and so is its length."
"Oh..oh," said the guest. According to Dozy, after the meeting, the guest was immediately flew to Papua, to prove whether waffle Dozy lying or dishonest. And when he returned, he met again Dozy and said, "(It turns out) was greater than ever you say."
Dozy guest is referred to Forbes. K Wilson, who worked as exploration manager sulfur in Freeport. Later, years later Forbes so officials in Freeport. Before meeting Dozy, Forbes has been first to find information about Colijn Expedition. In his diary, Dozy sketched odd black mound that stood poking at an altitude of 3500 meters, in the interior of Papua. Under skesta it, Dozy affix the words "Hertzberg" which means "ore mountain". From there Forbes sniffing the earth's riches Papua.
Before the information was discovered by Forbes, Dozy report only kept in the library of Leiden. After proving the findings Dozy, Freeport can not just carry out exploitation activities in Irian Jaya (Papua name at the time). Especially because the Sukarno government policies cover the possible entry of foreign capital into Indonesia.
New opportunities arise when there G30S 1965, which led to the downfall of Sukarno. Two months after the military coup Freeport CEO Langbourne Williams called Forbes. He gets good news from two executives Hertzberg Texaco that negotiations will start soon. Soeharto government, although not yet official, they consider much more friendly to Americans than Sukarno.
Williams believes, negoisasinya going smoothly because one Texaco executives, Julius Tahija, had a strong connection with Suharto, who has a strong chance to rise to power. Julius Tahija are former soldiers near Sukarno but turned into opponents.
Indeed, in April 1965 Freeport has been given the green light to mine in Hertzberg. But the negotiations not finished because the Sukarno government did not want to just Indonesia's natural resources are managed by foreign business groups. When the political changes already indicate the end of Sukarno's rule, first received loans worth 60 million dollars of US funding agencies, power, step Freeport mengesploitasi growing steadily for natural resources in Papua.
On April 1967, three months after the enactment of the Foreign Investment Law (Law PMA) No 1/1967, Freeport Sulphur Incorporated signed a work contract to explore and add to reserves of gold and copper mine in Irian Jaya. Signatories, "Freeport Sulphur makes first foreign company to sign a contract with the new government and the only company that signed a contract under the conditions that such extraordinary," wrote Denise Leith in The Politics of Power: Freeport in Suharto's Indonesia.
Signer was somewhat unique and bold. In addition to the chairman of the presidium of the signatories conducted Ampera General's cabinet, not by the president, concession (West Irian), are still in dispute.
According to the terms of the contract, Freeport obtain tax-free period for three years and a tax concession of 35 for the next seven years, and the liberation of all kinds of taxes or royalties in addition to the five percent sales tax.
"But as soon as the contracts 'first generation' is signed, the government is aware that the contract needs to be revised in order to provide economic benefits to Indonesia," said Mohammad Umar, who was minister of mines, in the book Actor Tells the editor Thee Kian Wie.
Sadli later became a member of the economic advisory team of President Soeharto. "Therefore, the contracts 'second generation' made more restrictive and less favorable foreign investors, including Kanad company, Inco, which mines nickel in Soroako, South Sulawesi."
Act PMA, a product of the new law created a national leadership in the transition period, became one of the Suharto government to attract foreign capital for the sake of restoring the national economy. And Freeport, one of the first international corporations ketiban sustenance from Sukarno to Suharto's power transition.
(rnz)
